Tuesday, May 27, 2008

Lesson Learnt From a Phone Call to Supplier

Today I called a supply trying to persuade him to solve the quality problem. But it nearly became a dispute. After, when I think over the talk with him, I found that some mistakes by me have led to this trouble.

1) lack of tactics when I started and developed the conversation

2) I should not make him feel blamed. As Carnege said, scolding cannot solve problem. Everyone will think he himself is the last one to be blamed.

3) I should learn more about communication and improve my inter-personal skill.

Monday, May 26, 2008

照片欣赏——1983年的上海(摘自网上)

1983年的上海很繁华, 比现在有感觉, 更像是国外呢…

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Movie - Crash (2004)

http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0375679/

 

A movie about ethnic groups collision in the US. Oscar 2006.

I watched this movie several years ago when I was still in university. It gave me an impression that the US society is full of social conflicts and misunderstanding among different ethnic groups. The memory about this movie is fading. But today when I pick up the book The Audacity of Hope by Barack Obama, it comes to my mind that what is the real picture of ethnic problem in the US like.

I will try to know more by reading comments on this movie.

Monday, May 19, 2008

灾后重建

1)

http://architectureforhumanity.org/

2) ABBS

http://www.abbs.com.cn/bbs/post/view?bid=1&id=336484579&sty=1&tpg=1&age=0
5月12日,四川汶川县发生近8级大地震,地处成都的ABBS办公室,文件鼠标散落一地,幸无人受伤。接下来的几天中,每天1000次的余震,相信已经让震区的每个人更加习惯面对危险、更加团结和坚强。
不断有热心ABBSer提出由我们组织募捐并直接送达重灾区。通过两日来的咨询及都江堰灾区实地援助调查,我们得悉:除了在国家注册的非营利组织,个人与公司帐号不宜用作公开对灾募捐。同时,由于此次受灾面广达10万平方公里,遇难者估计超过5万人,垮塌房屋预计将在1000万平米以上。因此即使集中我们所有善款并亲自送达,也将仅能救助很小一个“点”。
故我们考虑,当前现金及物资捐助仍建议通过慈善总会、红十字会等大型组织进行。而在ABBS上,我们希望更能充分的发挥100多万ABBSer的专长,以设计、建造为主,来为震区灾后重建的工作提供援助,从而能从一个比较大范围的“面”上来帮助灾区。
所以我们请每一个希望参与灾后重建的设计师、施工人员,每一家希望为灾区提供帮助的设计公司、建筑公司、建材公司等,从今天起与我们联系报名。以便在废墟抢救工作完成之后,我们能与四川当地快速达成联系,具体完成每一栋建筑的重建工作。
可能的工作范围包括:
1、当前部分建筑、桥梁的抢修。需要建造师、项目经理、道桥专业人员。
2、稍后的轻灾建筑治理、临时建筑设计建造。需要设计、结构、施工等各专业人员。
3、重建县市镇的规划、城市设计。需要城市规划人员。
4、大量各类建筑的重建。需要设计、结构、水电等各专业人员。
【个人报名】
先行无偿参与重建设计或现场工作,经济自理。
力所能及为受灾对象募集资金填补缺口。
·请包含姓名、ABBS注册名、联系电话、QQ/MSN/Mail、年龄、职业、专长、经验等。
【公司报名】
先行无偿参与重建设计或现场工作,经济自理。
积极为受灾对象募集资金填补缺口。
对政府拨款的较大项目,有权选择全部或部分捐献设计费。
建材公司捐献或垫支建筑材料设备。
·请包含公司名称、联系人及电话、QQ/MSN/Mail、公司规模资质、专长、过往业绩等。
报名电话:028-87336420,87367211
报名邮件:abbs028@tom.com

 

Further Readings

http://www.zaobao.com/special/newspapers/2008/05/hongkong080518o.shtml
(联合早报网讯)香港明报报道,天灾?人祸?浩劫后不少人心中都有个问号。地震前刚好在四川完成地质调查的香港大学地球科学系教授陈龙生表示,中国在1976年唐山大地震后重地震预报,曾动员学生留意地下水变化,但改革开放后反而停止,地震预报工作较30、40年前退步。有专家亦指出,出事的汶川本身经常发生大型地震,不适合城?建设。
  唐山震后动员学生留意地下水
  去年在四川完成长达3年地质研究的陈龙生,昨日在香港电台《香港家书》中表示,当年唐山大地震发生后,内地曾动员全国中小学生,每日观察学校的井水水位和水质的变化,以监控地震,但数年后内地改革开放时便停止了动员。
  他忆述在四川研究地质时,由成都起步,经都江堰进入汶川地区,沿途公路都是依河而建,另一边却是悬崖峭壁,该处松散的沉积岩层又容易塌方,相信地震中通往灾区的道路应因塌方而完全堵塞,重型机械不能进入灾区。
  “中国近几年虽然经济起飞,但城乡之间生活质素差距却增大……两地的地形和人文条件恍如两个世界。”陈说,已极为现代化的成都,一般建筑物应合乎抗震要求,但一过了都江堰市进入龙门山,所见的都是一些古旧破落的村落,肯定没有任何抗震准备。
  陈龙生慨叹,从事地质工作要有好的理科基础,更要到野外受天气煎熬,愈来愈少学生有志投身,现在差不多全球都在闹地质学家荒。
  科技大学土木工程学系副教授张利民在港台《星期六问责》中则指出,虽然今次地震威力暂时难以评估,但在1976年8月四川内亦发生了烈度超过10度的地震,30年代亦有类似地震发生。
  建筑物增一度防震 成本增两成
  现时内地法律规定,地震带的建筑物,要基本符合7度的防震标准,远比10度为低,恐是大量楼房倒塌的原因。
  但他解释,建筑物每增加一度的防震能力,建筑成本就要增加两成,而要达到9级、10级的防震能力,成本增幅巨大,而基本上10级地震带只可建筑必要基建(如公路),未必适合建。
  他称内地应考虑重新评估川西地质条件,再检讨建筑物防震能力。

 

 

日本媒体5月20日刊文称,中国四川大地震中倒塌、受损的房屋共计约2678万户。虽然过去也曾发生过大地震,但中国的建筑抗震标准不足日本的一半,据称还有很多陈旧建筑的抗震强度更低。有的专家认为,日本有必要向中国传授先进的抗震技术。

  日本目前的抗震标准根据地基强度及建筑构造而有所不同,据国土交通省称,其基本标准为能经受住300~400伽(gal)的地震加速度值。阪神大地震的地震加速度值为800伽。

  熟悉中国防震情况的首都大学东京的地震工学教授岩楯敞広介绍说,中国于2001年制定了各地区建筑抗震标准,北京为200伽,上海为100伽。发生本次大地震的四川省的标准较低,成都为100伽,重庆、绵阳和德阳仅为50伽。

  岩楯教授还指出:“与日本相比,中国一般建筑物的支柱较细、混凝土质量较差、钢筋数量较少。地方上的老房子几乎没有使用新的建筑技术。”

  致力于日中交流事业的建筑家團纪彦表示,“应向中国提供成本低效果好的抗震技术”,并指出日本研制出的“SRF技法”能对将要倒塌的建筑物起到支撑作用。该技术通过在建筑物支柱上缠绕聚酯纤维带而起到加固作用。團纪彦已通过日中交流文化协会发出电子邮件表示希望提供技术,据称中方已回信表示将对加以研究。

Saturday, May 17, 2008

建材渠道:走K/A还是做传统 (zz)

 

http://www.xxju.net/article/200702/13_1409413738.htm

G公司是一家全球性的跨国公司,有着悠久的历史,是生产内隔断系列产品的建材专业制造商,在全球拥有一百多家工厂。其中,在中国的投资工厂主要通过以下渠道销售:①传统渠道:以批发零售为主的网络经销商(大多位于传统建材市场)和以直销为主的工程经销商;②K/A渠道:仓储式建材大卖场。

  让我们来看看G公司2003年的一些销售数据:G公司2003年整个营业额比2002年增长30%,而K/A渠道同比增长高达58%;2003年K/A渠道营业额占整个营业额不到5% ,但单位销售成本K/A渠道是传统渠道的3.5倍。这个数字让公司国外同事们又困惑又沮丧,要知道在西方,G公司K/A渠道营业额占整个营业额的比例超出60%。

  为什么同样做K/A渠道,在中国和西方,营业额比重会有如此大的差别?建材产品究竟应该选择K/A渠道还是传统渠道?选择的依据又是什么?

  K/A建材渠道更多的是满足大量个人消费需求。仓储式建材大卖场起源于西方国家,很大程度上是为了满足西方人“DIY – 自己动手”的生活方式所带来需求。在过去3年,超过2000万的德国人重新改造了他们的房屋,2004年有4000万人计划改造自己的房屋,其中70%的人打算自己动手。建材民用和家庭市场的需求是巨大的。事实上,建筑装饰材料在西方已成为一种个人消费品,建材大卖场中的免费讲座、餐厅、儿童乐园等都是为个人消费者准备的。

  当仓储式建材大卖场被欧倍德和百安居引进中国后,其客户类型(购买者)是否有新变化呢?以下是G公司产品在上海某仓储式建材大卖场进行的购买者身份和购买因素的分析:

  从表一中我们可以看到:在建材大卖场的客户中,自己管辖的装潢公司和外来中小装潢公司占购买者总数的69%左右,个人购买仅占31%。很显然,在中国这是一个以集团采购为主的市场。事实上,建筑装饰材料在中国,基本上偏向于工业品特征,其购买消费行为受中间人员的影响较大 (品种不同,影响的大小也不同。例如卫生洁具、涂料、瓷砖等中间人员影响相对较小;而水泥、纸面石膏板等基础建材中间人员影响更大),即便个人购买的那部分,也几乎没有西方式的“DIY – 自己动手”,而是交给装潢公司来施工。这是中国和西方在建材消费结构上非常不同的地方。前者主要是集团采购而后者主要个人消费。在中国,对装修公司的赊账销售是正规建材大卖场最大的风险,加上工程销售中存在很多暗箱操作,这让建材K/A渠道在中国的发展举步维艰,由于持现金购买的民用和家庭市场的巨大需求还未真正形成,中国的建材大卖场目前缺乏做大的土壤。而传统建材渠道往往更注重与装饰公司的长期关系,除提供灵活的赊账政策外,关键还在于价格不透明, 能保证装饰公司在材料上的利润空间,这就是传统渠道存在的价值,特别是在个人消费低的二三线城市,更是大有作为。

  从购买原因和结果来看,在建材大卖场的销售人员推荐十分重要,占71%左右的比例,排名第一,曾用过该产品和业内人士的推荐分别占到第二和第三位,冲动性购买很少,广告促销、品牌知名度、产品陈列等在大卖场中对消费品销售有很大促进的手段,对G公司产品的销售几乎影响甚微。说到底,建材消费在中国受集团采购的消费行为特征影响较大,促销手段以一对一顾问式销售为主, 购买方更多考虑产品质量和采购风险, 所以购买者曾用过该产品和业内人士的推荐也很重要。

  建材类产品究竟应该选择K/A渠道还是传统渠道?选择的依据又是什么?我的结论是:消费者的消费行为特征在很大程度上决定你是走K/A渠道还是传统渠道。也就是说,你的最终用户是以少数的集团采购为主,还是以个人或家庭,经常性购买为主?二者的消费行为特征完全不同,前者偏向于工业品更适合传统渠道,后者偏向消费品更适合K/A渠道。表二显示:中国的装饰材料和普通消费品在最终用户、购买决策和营销策略等诸多方面的有很大的不同,大卖场的渠道、终端促销和价格体系等并不完全适合当今中国建材类产品的销售规律。   

  当然,在中国的特大型城市,例如北京、上海、广州等,建筑装饰材料会愈来愈体现出个人消费品的特征。我们有理由相信:建材在中国成为个人消费品的那一天也是 K/A建材大卖场成为名副其实的重要客户的那一天。

暗访设计师吃回扣内幕zz

http://blog.njtuangou.cn/user1/15/archives/2006/12.html

mike 发表于 2006-5-25 11:00:47

1.5万元的橱柜,吃回扣5000元;8万多元的家具,吃回扣近1万元……

    劣等地砖当作优等品卖,5.8元每块的砖摇身一变成为每块15.8元;装修一套房子可以吃回扣3.3万元,设计师比家装公司还挣得多……

    近日,某家装公司的设计师李小鹏(化名)透露,目前很多设计师利用给业主买材料的机会吃回扣,而且数额相当大。时下,家装市场已进入装修高峰期,换言之,又是这些设计师“挣钱”的时候。为彻底揭开设计师吃回扣的内幕,让消费者能明明白白装修,8月29日、30日,李小鹏陪同记者一起走进建材市场,进行了调查。

□ 记者 何世国

“高价砖”是这样诞生的

    在一家上规模的陶瓷材料店里,其总经理无奈地告诉记者:“别人给设计师15%以上的返点,我给的太少了,家装公司设计师都不给我推荐,近段时间正打算搞些降价促销活动,看看是否能吸引顾客。”

    在交谈中,记者发现附近一家较小的材料店里,有几批人进进出出,可以看出这家店生意不错。
于是记者便以设计师的身份进入了这家店。
   围着这家店展架转了几圈,记者发现砖的质量还真不错,可一看价格,却把人吓了一跳:80厘米×80厘米的地砖,竟然标价一块228元、258元。
    销售人员过来了,在得知记者是某家装公司的设计师后,便非常热情地让记者坐下来详谈。
    接着一个福建口音的中年男子走过来,称自己是店面经理,有事他可以做主。店面经理一脸诡异。
   “砖咋这么贵?”
   “有钱大家赚嘛。别的店里给你15%,我给你20%,我们这里保护价8折,你带客户来,给你客户7折,让你在客户面前有面子,而且照样有钱赚。”
    记者被店面经理的言语震惊了,为了给设计师回扣,这家店面大大提高了地砖的价格,虽给客户打了7折,但真实的情况是业主还多掏了钱。
    就在记者与店面经理交谈时,进来一个家装设计师,记者佯装看瓷砖,记录下了他们的交谈内容:这个家装设计师很熟练地和店面经理打了个招呼,之后便在店内边转边看瓷砖,然后取出一份装修材料单交给店面经理,很直白地问:“能拿几个点?”
   面对一位将来会带来大生意的设计师,店面经理笑笑问:“你想要多少?”
  “你们能给多少,我的业主可是一个大客户,房子是200多平方米的别墅。”
  销售经理有些犹豫。
  “你们设计师的胃口也很大。有个设计师要求我们将原来标价每块5.8元的二等品砖,改为15.8元,并称这是优等品,再打8折销售,他拿中间的差价。我们很担心,万一顾客看出来了怎么办呀。不过,还好顾客并没有发觉,如果你想这样做也可以。”
  这位设计师笑笑道:“那就这样吧。”
   记者很吃惊,这岂不是比原价多2倍多吗?

陶瓷回扣最多

    陶瓷业是设计师捞回扣最多的地方,因为厨房、卫生间基本上都要铺地砖,再一个,地采暖的基本上都铺地砖,因为铺地砖比较容易散热。经了解,几乎每一个新装修的客户都会买砖,有的客户一次性买砖可达到3、4万元,按20%的比例计算,设计师单买砖一项就可以吃8000元的回扣。
   陶瓷之所以是设计师吃回扣最多的商品,首先就是因为业主在购买材料上,陶瓷这一块的费用比较多,还有就是装修房子时,业主在颜色搭配等等问题上拿不定主意时让设计师钻了空子。

一套房子吃三万三

   李小鹏给记者讲述了他一次吃回扣的经过。
   曾经有一个工程,回扣让他从头吃到脚。
  这家的砖买了3万多元,回扣吃了将近1万元;1.5万元的橱柜,回扣吃了5000元;4万多元的灯具,回扣吃了7000多元;8万多元的家具,回扣吃了近1万多元;最后窗帘还吃了1000多元的回扣。
这样算下来,装修了一套房子,设计师光吃回扣一项就挣了3.3万元。
   按常规,设计师挣的多,那这位设计师所在的家装公司应该挣的更多吧。
   事实恰好相反。
  “这个工程我挣了3.3万元,而我所在的家装公司却只挣了7、8千元。”李小鹏又不屑一顾地说,“我要开公司早就开了,不过要是那样,我就没有现在这样自由了,我们老板开的公司都是我们几个哥们撑着的。”

设计师每月挣多少

   在李小鹏的叙述中,记者了解到,设计师每月的工资组成是:底薪+提成。签单少的设计师每月只有300元到400元的底薪。而每月完成10万元签单任务的,底薪在2000元,还外加4%的提成。如果这样算,完成10万元签单任务的设计师每月可以收入6000元。据记者了解,10万元签单任务一般应该是两个客户,在家装高峰期来说,这是不难完成的。
   然而签单10万元的设计师每月的收入还要更多,6000元仅仅是他们收入的三分之一而已。据调查,如果一位设计师签单能够达到10万元,那么回扣就可以吃到2万元左右。这样算来,签单10万元的设计师每月可以收入2万6千元。令人吃惊的是,有的设计师可以在一个月签下50万元的单,可想而知,这样的设计师每月的收入有多少。
   事实上,设计师在吃回扣时,根本不顾业主的利益,不顾材料经销商的利益,甚至不顾家装公司的利益。业主成了设计师手中真正的绵羊,任意宰割。一旦业主不遵守设计师的选择,设计师便以达不到效果,出事了不负责任等等加以威胁,使得业主不得不按设计师的要求采购。

□主题链接

装修公司:严禁回扣现象
    那么对于设计师吃回扣的问题,装修公司又是怎样认识的呢?一位家装公司的总经理告诉记者:“我们严禁这种现象的发生。因为这是害人害己,这种行为属于设计师个人私下交易。”
   一家小家装公司的总经理深有感慨地说:“我们深知设计师吃回扣的危害所以在我们公司内部是严禁这样的事情发生的发现一个我们就处理一个。 当然也有一些设计师浑水摸鱼。设计师吃回扣的现象还是多发生在一些无资质的家装公司和马路游击队里。”

建材商:敢怒而不敢言

   一位建材商道出敢怒不敢言的原因,他说:“任何一个建材商都明白,抬高价格欺骗消费者,最终会将自己推向灭亡。可不抬高价格又无利润支付回扣。有些建材商开始也不愿意接受‘行规’,但设计师带客户买建材时就会以色彩、品质、款式等不符合整体装修为由,推荐客户到其他遵循潜规则的店里购买。”

设计师吃回扣触目惊心

    记者在调查中了解到,一般瓷砖的回扣为15%-25%,楼梯回扣最高,为30%-40%,橱柜的回扣在10-15%。一个中档楼梯能拿到5、6千元,2、3万元一套的楼梯回扣甚至高达8000元。这还只是一对一的交易,如果这个设计师和3、4家商家一起谈,返的点数还要上浮2%。
   在钱的驱使之下,设计师不是为设计而设计,而是为回扣而设计。
   家装市场日渐红火,家装市场也在呼唤不断的规范。设计师拿回扣却成为了家装市场规范的拦路虎。

不知这种现象还要持续多久?

 

 

利润分配,装修工头细说内幕
mike 发表于 2006-7-5 18:43:40


  家装业内流行一种说法,家装公司都是给建材城"打工的"。北京市建材城里的租金最高达每平方米每天18元,相当于中高档写字楼租金的3-4倍。丰厚利润的诱惑使得如此高昂的场地费也没能阻止家装公司进军建材城的脚步。
  这不由使我们想了解,家装公司接到一张家装单子,究竟能赚多少?如果消费者选择包工包料,按照市场现行行规,在一项装修工程中,家装公司可以加收30%的费用,剩下的70%是否全部用于业主的装修呢?事实并非如此,绝大多数家装公司并没有自己的装修队伍,而是把承揽下来的工程二次发包给施工队。
  让我们先来看看一项装修工程费用是如何进行分配的。 一般家装公司拿30左右,自己只拿到5%到10%,剩下的一半用在工费上,一半左右用在料上。如此计算下来,如果请一个家装公司包工包料做装修,那么消费者实际用到装修的费用在60%左右。按照工料对半的原则,实际用在材料方面的费用仅有30%左右。如果家装公司稍稍贪心一点,再想多赚个3个点、5个点的话,那么消费者最后用在家装材料上的费用,恐怕连30%也难以保住。
  由此,我们可以看到,装修时包工包料就意味着把一大笔钱装进了家装公司的腰包,或许就是这个原因,我们进行的四城市调查结果显示,只有12.5%的消费在装修时选择了包工包料,而87.5%的消费者选择了包轻工,原因是不相信装修队所报价格、怕受骗,干脆自己买材料,多跑跑腿、多受受累,心里总觉得踏实些,钱可能会少花点儿。可实际上,即使消费者你已经做好了吃苦的准备,装饰材料市场也未必能成全你的那份苦心。

 

 

设计师工长齐爆装修报价绝对内幕 
mike 发表于 2006-7-5 18:39:36

设计师 J:不管真正要花多少钱,只要让报价低于业主的期望值,就容易签单,实际价格等签单后再做调整。以下几点要注意:“一定要隐藏实际工作量”、“单价一定要高”、“施工工艺一定要含糊不清”、“材料最好不注明品牌、厂家、等级”。只要做到以上几点,签单后再调整工作量易如反掌。
设计师 Y:为了给顾客留出充分的空间侃价,我在与他交涉的各个环节中尽量为他“清除障碍”。比如,在签单时一不小心漏掉一项,像防水这样的项目可以给他省下不少钱的。当然在施工过程中,顾客肯定会同意我们把这项加上去的。再比如,量房过程中,为了给顾客省钱,将量房的尺子拉紧点,少给他算点,面积一下来钱自然就下来了。但是,按照合同中的约定,施工的价钱是要按实际完成的工作量来计算的,因此他总不能违约不交补做项目的费用吧。虽然有些顾客的报价由 15000元升至 25000元,但是顾客没有理由拒付。即便是顾客在施工中不愿意增加项目做超出合同的工程,我的单也已经签了。
工长 M:别看那些教授老板们学识渊博,见识多。俗话说得好,隔行如隔山。再精明的客人他的算盘也算不过我。来到建材市场,一应俱全的材料面前,我们可以尽情施展“行家本事”。“这是一级木工板, 是我们在做某某地方时要用到的材料。”我边向客户介绍的同时,材料商就顺利地得到了我的示意。接下来我和材料商一唱一和,“ 80元,同一等级最低价了。”在我对材料价格的一句认同之后,业主心满意足地得到“最廉价”的材料。当然,我也得到了我想要的……如果客人全权委派我一人购料。市场上那些包装精良看上去很美的材料(假冒一级品),通常会成为我的首选用来以次充好。

 

 

偷梁换柱里应外合 业内老板自曝装修“内幕”
mike 发表于 2006-7-5 18:37:44

购买家庭装修材料,里面“猫腻”颇多,令人防不胜防。近日,曾在港城装饰材料行业经商多年、如今已改行的郝老板,向笔者讲述了他经历和了解的其中一些“内幕”。
郝老板1995年以来一直在某装饰商场内做陶瓷洁具、瓷砖生意。改行后的郝老板说,以自己经营的陶瓷洁具为例,业内“宰客”的招数主要有这么几种:一是偷梁换柱。譬如,对于外行人来说,颜色、外观和花纹乍看起来一模一样的陶瓷制品,其实在质量上差别很大,非专业人士一般很难鉴别。同样是瓷砖,质量好的瓷砖,用杯子从反面倒少许水,正面没有水珠渗出,而质次的瓷砖时间稍长就会有大量的水珠渗出。在顾客前来选购时,黑心老板往往会向消费者极力推荐好瓷砖,但顾客交完钱后,送上门的货却是“调包”后的质次货,质差的瓷砖在价格上也低很多。
“黑心”老板与装修工“里应外合”联手“宰”顾客,也是常用的手法之一。普通人一辈子难得有几次装修房屋的机会,因此对于装修材料的好坏大多是外行,都要由装修工陪同购买。“拖垮累垮”业主是一些有“经验”的装修工常用的手段,他们通常会十分“认真负责”地陪同业主,一家挨一家地逛材料市场,但不是说这家质量不好,就是那家价格有诈。几转下来,在业主精疲力竭时,装修工就会不失时机地推荐几家“信誉较好”的商家,在那里材料质量自然没问题,价格也被装修工砍得“血淋淋”,但往往送上门的货已被调包。
装修工人是经销装修材料老板们的“上帝”,这在业界已是公开的秘密。逢年过节,老板请装修工吃饭甚至送“红包”的事也常有。老板与装修工通常按月结算回扣,回扣的多少视总价而定,一般商家给装修工的回扣在5%—15%之间。
据郝老板说,陶瓷洁具行业的这些猫腻相对于木材、地板、涂料等家装材料,还是“小巫见大巫”,那些行业的利润更是惊人。

 

家装黑幕调查:“马路游击队”逮一个宰一个
mike 发表于 2006-5-25 10:22:26

家庭装潢一直被人们称为“遗憾工程”。当一个行业70%的市场份额被非正规的“马路游击队”所掌控的时候,少数正规军的努力显得那样的微不足道。况且,即便是被称为正规军的3000多家企业中,也存在着不少经营中的弊端。记者日前深入家装市场一线调查,发现随着整个行业的发展,又有许多新问题产生。也许,这正是羁绊家装行业进一步发展的症结。

黑幕一 著名公司施工队长揽私活大搞豆腐渣工程

某外贸公司的余先生为装修二室二厅的婚房,特地去同事家取经。同事家里请一著名家装公司装修,余先生看中其做工,却嫌材料和人工费太贵。听同事说,负责这个工程的施工队长也接“私活”,忙不迭找到队长,双方谈妥“一口价”———清包工,管理费8000元,两个月完工。工程开工后,施工队长奔忙于公司内外各个工地,人难找不说,派来的工人更是像“走马灯”似地换,有时候,工地整整一个星期没人干活,电工做木工的活也是常事。工程断断续续做了近四个月,总算完工了。可一住进去问题就来,电线短路、水龙头漏水……一开始,施工队长还会派个小工来“维修”,到后来,任凭怎么打手机,队长就是不接……余先生一怒之下找到投诉部门。可是由于没有签订合法合同,投诉部门表示难以受理。余先生只能自认倒霉。

踢爆黑幕

“马路游击队”实行施工队长负责制。他们打出“免设计费、免管理费、免税金”的旗号,显而易见的价格差令众多市民怦然心动。然而在具体操作中,此类队伍承诺的公司“原班人马”往往会走样。尤其是在旺季时,队长手头人手周转不灵,临时找个新来的“老乡”上阵堪称常事。由于施工队长个人并不能直接与业主签订合同,也不能开具有关发票,因此在碰到工程质量纠纷时,消费者毫无保障。“马路游击队”当道,与目前家庭装潢公司本身的管理存在问题有关。据了解,国内家装企业90%以上属于小型企业,其中不少本身就以“发包”形式,将接来的业务“发包”给装潢队伍,公司获取20%-30%的提成,其余全由施工队长调配。这些装潢公司大多没有健全的工程质量管理制度和售后服务制度,一遇到问题就关门走人。

黑幕二 施工预算变宰人预算

陈先生夫妇新买的三房二厅,请某装潢公司包工包料。在洽谈初期,装潢公司出具了一份施工预算单,上面罗列着整套住房所需用料及价格、管理费、设计费等,夫妇俩觉得公司还算正规,虽然整个工程报价比心里预期贵,但想到“好货不便宜”也就欣然签了约。可是工程一开工,陈先生就觉得后悔。首先,工程实际用料远远高于预算单,电线超了一倍,油漆多了一成,多出来的用料自然要额外买单。其次,预算单上开出的建材单价,高于建材超市。以陈先生选中的“和成”坐便器为例,同样的型号,同样为一等品,装潢公司的报价足足比大型建材连锁超市的报价高了300元,建材超市和卖场还有促销。陈先生不免疑惑:装潢公司的建材用量与报价究竟有何依据?装潢公司收取超过万元的管理费又用在了何处?

踢爆黑幕

大批小规模装潢公司仍停留在与马路游击队的低水平竞争上。材料由分包公司业务的施工队长派人购买。而尚欠规范的建材市场正好成为装潢公司使用“模糊建材”的坚强后盾。业主付了一等品的钱,拿到的却是低价的三等品;将劣质油漆装入优等油漆的空桶中蒙混过关……这样的例子已经不胜枚举。由于目前家庭装潢还不是标准化生产的产品,在缺乏统一标准的情况下,刷一面墙究竟需要多少油漆,铺一间房间究竟需要多少块地板,都没有量化的指标。于是,告诉业主需要6桶油漆,其实只用了5桶,剩余一桶“贴补”“私活”工地;从整盒的地板中抽条这样的“猫腻”行为也屡见不鲜。

黑幕三 高价设计师“堆砌了一堆建材”

宋先生夫妇在结婚十年之际购买了第二套住房,夫妇俩的第一套住房由于没有设计,被朋友们笑为“一堆建材的堆砌”。此番夫妻俩决意找个优秀设计师好好为其新居设计一番。可是跑了很多家装潢公司,开价动辄三五千元的设计师,要么只是从电脑里拉个效果图给他们,看上去似曾相识;要么只会画画简单的施工图,怎么也实现不了夫妇俩的创意。装修结束,夫妇俩相视而笑:我们花了几千元设计费,结果还是“堆砌了一堆建材”。

踢爆黑幕

近几年,人们对家庭装潢的期望值与日俱增,然而家庭装潢行业人员的总体素质并没有同步提高。一线专业设计人员更是奇缺。由于我国并不对室内设计人员评定专业职称,著名设计院校毕业的设计师们情愿争挤“注册建筑师”的独木桥,也不愿投身室内设计。家庭装潢涉及给排水管、各类线路、木制品、涂装等工艺,工程质量检验有250多个项目。然而上海数十万第一线的操作工人中,60%以上是农民工,他们大多没有经过专业培训,文化水平、操作技能都很低,他们看不懂图纸,不熟悉有关政策法规,不了解工程技术规程及验收标准,施工凭经验,甚至“凑合”、“蛮干”,工程质量自然得不到保证。

特别提醒 家装价格 陷阱花样多

在家庭装修中,部分家装公司利用客户对家装知识不了解,采取欺骗的手段,让客户在装修过程中付出比实际造价高得多的装修费用。据行家介绍,家装过程中主要有以下几种价格陷阱:

交钥匙

报一个总装修价,全部装修项目都包括在里面,甚至包括电器、洁具、配套设施等,给予的承诺是“你不用操任何心,装修完我把钥匙交给你,你只管入住就行了”。

打闷包

将多个装修项目加在一起,报一个混合价格,既包含这又包含那,这种报价看不清也看不懂,这样就便于将一些高出的价格隐藏在其中。

虚报量

预算中虚报工程量,这里多一点,那里少一点,汇总起来肯定是多报许多,而消费者恰恰缺少工程量计算方面的知识,于是就会落入陷阱。

漏项目

报价中故意省去一些必做的装修项目,抓住消费者图便宜的心理,先以低价吸引进来,施工中再逐项提出来,让你不得不做,处于骑虎难下的境地。

玩材料

设计阶段抬高材料价格,或混淆材料品牌、等级,施工阶段则以次充好,偷梁换柱,吃拿回扣等,家装的整个过程都可能存在玩材料的陷阱。

虚打折

先报出很高的价格,然后再给予打折优惠,而实际上打折后的报价比实际造价还是高很多

Monday, May 12, 2008

Wenchuan - Earthquake

Earthquake in Wenchuan

I have been to this region last October.

 

Some pictures from Yingxiu on May. 13, 2008 by travelling witnesses.

Friday, May 09, 2008

Test

Test proxy

Wednesday, May 07, 2008

Ecozero Competition

Underlayment (under floor)

 


  application dimension price main charactersitics example
铺垫宝underfloor residential underfloor
(悬浮铺装地板,如强化复合地板、实木多层地板、实木双企口地板)
10mm(H)
20mm(H)
14rmb/m2 (taobao)
26rmb/m2 (taobao)
  • 承重达25吨/米2,即使长期家具重压也不会使地板系统凹陷变形。
  • 自动找平。对凸凹、粗糙不平的地面,可以自动找平。
  • 环保、脚感好,踩踏地板有轻微的柔感,舒适自然;
  • 防虫、抗腐的环保材料,
    吸收重物落地冲击力,保护地板,减少落物损伤。
  • 保温。隔离地面凉气,可以放心睡卧在地板上,有利于保持室内温度且减少空调开启,节省电耗。
  • 防潮。隔绝地坪潮气,保护地板,有利于身体健康。
image
XPS板(国产) 普遍使用于屋面保温隔热系统、冷冻库、墙体内外的保温隔热 90cm(L)x60cm(W)x10cm(H) 14rmb/m2
  • XPS板的导热系数0.028w/mk,远远低于其它的保温材料,因此具有高热阻,低线性膨胀率的特点。
  • 极低的吸水率。
  • 绝好的抗压强度。
 
家庭住宅用屋面隔音玻璃棉板   120cm(L)x60cm(W)x5cm(H) - 48kg/m3 31rmb/m2 玻璃棉板为长方形板材,有各种容重可供选择,一般作隔热材料使用的基本上都属于“2b”号离心玻璃保温板,其纤维平均直径在7微米左右,可经济有效地满足保温隔热要求,每个规格分贴面和无贴面两种,均有质轻、抗磨损、有韧性的特点,用于各种不规则形状表面,有效地节约能源,减少热损失,降低运行成本,正确安装玻璃棉板能有效地降低声波的传递。 image
Owens Corning
家装用保温吸音棉

适用于墙体、天花上方和建筑顶层空间

20m(L)x1.2m(W)x5cm(H) 35rmb/m2
  • 优异的保温性能与吸声降噪性能
  • 轻质高效,减轻建筑负荷
  • 纤维细长,不含渣球,使用寿命长,抗振吸声效果更佳
  • 安装更快捷,施工更健康
  • 储运方便,节约费用
  • 外观漂亮,环保健康
 

 

玻璃棉板为长方形板材,有各种容重可供选择,一般作隔热材料使用的基本上都属于“2b”号离心玻璃保温板,其纤维平均直径在7微米左右,可经济有效地满足保温隔热要求,每个规格分贴面和无贴面两种,均有质轻、抗磨损、有韧性的特点,用于各种不规则形状表面,有效地节约能源,减少热损失,降低运行成本,正确安装玻璃棉板能有效地降低声波的传递。

标准规格

容重 kg/m3 24、32、40、48、56、64、80、96
厚度 mm 15、20、25、30、40、50、75、100
尺寸 mm 1200*600


R-值(ASTMC177及ASTMC518)

热阻值(在摄氏24度时)

厚度(毫米) 48公斤/立方米
56公斤/立方米 64公斤/立方米 96公斤/立方米
25 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8
40 1.2 1.2 1.2 -
50 1.5 1.5 1.6 -

R=厚度/导热系数(单位:平方米·℃/瓦)

 

包装方法
可选择塑料袋包装或纸箱包装

吸声系数(ASTMC423)

image

NRC-降噪系数
玻璃棉板作吸音材料使用时,在其背后留着空气层或表面粘贴装饰材料。在空气层厚度为100-150mm范围内,空气层越厚,中、低音域的吸音率越高,如空气加厚到300mm,有效吸音率范围就扩大至100Hz。

控制冷凝
右图可用于在不同环境温度和湿度下防止结露所需保温隔热层的厚度。这些数值都是在安装後的玻璃棉板厚度不小于其标准厚度的百分之七十五,风管内温度在摄氏14度等条件之下得到的。
在横坐标上找出可能相对湿度的最大许可值。从这一点垂直向上直到与通过环境温度最大许可值,平等横坐标的直线相交。按交点位置选择能有效控制冷凝的玻璃棉板厚度。

Tuesday, May 06, 2008

Single-ply Roofing in the US (By Zhu Dongqing)

美国单层屋面系统技术初探

    2008年2月,中国建筑防水材料工业协会代表团应美国屋面工程协会、美国阿迪公司的邀请,赴美参加美国屋面工程协会第121届年会暨国际屋面博览会(IRE),同时代表团还应美国几家最大的单层屋面材料生产企业杰斯曼(JM)公司、凡士通(Firestone)公司、卡莱尔公司(Carlisle)及FM认证实验室的邀请,组成标准考察小组考察了美国单层屋面系统技术和市场。通过访问和考察,代表团对美国单层屋面系统技术、材料、施工、标准、试验方法、检测认证和培训制度有了一些初步的了解,这也是继去年11月中国防水协会代表团赴欧洲考察单层屋面系统技术之后,再度考察国外单层屋面系统技术。现将相关考察内容撰写成文,以飨读者,希望对引导和发展中国单层屋面系统技术有所借鉴和启发。
  美国建筑屋面工业现状概述
  美国将建筑屋面分成两大类,民用建筑屋面(简称民用屋面或陡坡屋面)和商业及工业建筑屋面(简称商业屋面或低坡屋面)。民用屋面的主要防水材料是沥青瓦,沥青瓦在民用屋面市场份额中占90%以上,其他为混凝土瓦、烧结瓦和木瓦等。民用屋面的保温材料主要采用玻璃棉及保温板等。商业屋面主要防水材料的市场情况为:2007年商业屋面总市场份额为3.44亿m2,2003年以前叠层沥青屋面占50%以上,2003年以后单层屋面系统占50%以上。据美国屋面工程协会2007年全美商业屋面市场份额统计,TPO占20%、EPDM占20%、叠层沥青屋面占13%、APP占13%、SBS占12%、PVC占8%、金属屋面占6%、现喷聚氨酯发泡占2%、其他占6%。近几年来平屋面材料增长最快的是TPO,从2001年的2000多万m2上升到2007年的8390万m2,平均年递增15.4%,其中2007年增长率为22%;而下降最快的是叠层沥青屋面,从2001年的1亿m2下降到2007年的6000万m2。
  2007年,单层屋面的三大主要防水材料的工程应用量为TPO:8390万m2,EPDM:8500万m2,PVC:3200万m2;单层屋面占商业屋面市场总额的55%。
  在美国,单层屋面系统主要采取三种施工方式:空铺、满粘和机械固定。在三大单层屋面材料施工中,EPDM:空铺占38%、满粘占41%、机械固定占21%,TPO和PVC:机械固定占78%、满粘占21%、其他占1%。
  用于商业屋面的保温材料主要有聚异氰脲酸酯板(Polyiso)、挤出型聚苯板(XPS)、模压型聚苯板(EPS)等,2007年商业屋面保温板市场份额为:聚异氰脲酸酯板占57%、木纤维板占11%、膨胀珍珠岩板占9%、EPS板占8%、XPS板占2%、其他占13%。
  美国商业屋面基层构造大体为:金属结构基层占42%、木板基层占21%、混凝土基层占12%、预制混凝土板占6%、保温混凝土板占6%、其他占13%。
  杰斯曼(JM)———美国著名屋面系统集成商
  杰斯曼公司成立于1858年,至今已有150年历史,是美国商业屋面防水和保温材料最重要的制造商,提供商业屋面用的大部分产品,如EPDM、TPO、PVC、SBS改性卷材、APP改性卷材、氧化沥青卷材、油纸等;卷材的辅助材料,如玻纤胎基、聚酯胎基、玻纤增强聚酯胎基等JM也生产;JM还是保温隔热材料的重要制造商,生产玻璃棉、聚异氰脲酸酯板和膨胀珍珠岩板等。
JM的技术中心位于美国科罗拉多州首府丹佛市,技术中心有员工400多人,许多是具有博士学位的研究人员。应主人邀请,我们参观了JM技术中心的玻纤、保温隔热材料和单层屋面卷材等有关屋面系统的几个实验室。JM技术中心从事材料研究和试验的方法、手段及仪器设备,其先进性确实让我们震惊。如在玻纤研究部门,我们看到对玻纤胎基和玻璃棉中玻璃纤维丝的研究和检测时,细如几微米的玻纤丝,在价值200万美元的高倍光电显微镜下,可以清晰地看到其表面结构是否光滑、平整,有无凹凸和裂纹;可以看到薄到几纳米厚的浸润剂涂层与玻纤丝表面结合的界面层,以此来分析浸润剂与玻纤丝结合的状况以及浸润剂作为界面材料与沥青等材料的结合状况;还可以看到湿法玻纤薄毡内部结构中无规则的粘结情况,以分析玻纤胎基的强度、尺寸稳定性等各种物理性能。该仪器还可以通过光电作用使被测物质表面产生X射线,并通过对X射线的光谱分析,分析出被测物质的无机或有机化学成分,以确认被测物质的化学组成。这些先进的设备和仪器为JM公司在材料科学研究工作上一直处于领先地位奠定了基础,也使我们领悟到为什么JM出口到中国的玻纤薄毡要远远好于国内最好的产品。
  我们还参观了JM保温隔音材料实验室、屋面防水卷材实验室,目睹了保温材料的试验、聚异氰脲酸酯发泡试验和单层防水卷材性能检验等。
  在交流研讨中,JM公司的戴维先生详细地介绍了美国单层屋面系统包括防水卷材、保温材料等的现状和发展趋势及JM公司各类用于单层屋面系统的相关材料和配套产品。JM沥青基材料有用于叠层屋面系统的玻纤胎、纸胎、聚酯胎氧化沥青防水卷材,用于坡屋面系统的玻纤胎和聚酯胎细砂面沥青防水垫层,用于改性沥青屋面系统的SBS、APP玻纤胎/聚酯胎及玻纤增强聚酯胎防水卷材和自粘系列沥青防水卷材。JM也生产水泥基防水材料和涂料类防水产品。
  JM的单层屋面系统
  1)热塑性弹性体(橡胶类)EPDM
  JM的EPDM主要分为两大类:用于满粘和空铺施工的无内增强型防水卷材;用于机械固定施工的有内增强型防水卷材。
  2)热塑性材料(塑料类)PVC/TPO
  JM的PVC和TPO全部为内增强型防水卷材,可用于满粘和机械固定。内增强材料为聚酯纤维经编布胎基。
  JM屋面系统用保温材料
  JM主要生产3种保温板:聚异氰脲酸酯板、聚异氰脲酸酯增强板和膨胀珍珠岩板。我们应邀参观了位于伊利诺伊州的JM膨胀珍珠岩保温板工厂,该工厂具有2000万m2保温板的生产能力。膨胀珍珠岩保温板采用回收废纸和膨胀后的珍珠岩与粘结胶混合成浆料,再运用造纸抄网工艺,使保温板脱水成型,经烘干切割后制成成品。在美国平屋面保温材料市场中,膨胀珍珠岩板的应用量占第二位。美国平屋面找坡基本上采用楔型保温板,因此工厂有专门设备生产找坡用楔型保温板。
  JM屋面防水材料用胎基
  JM是美国最大的屋面卷材胎基生产供应商之一,主要产品有玻纤薄毡胎基、长丝聚酯胎基和玻纤增强聚酯胎基等,其中玻纤增强聚酯胎基在美国已经广泛应用。
  凡士通———现代化TPO卷材工厂的典范
  凡士通公司是美国商业屋面材料最主要的专业生产企业,主要产品有EPDM、TPO、SBS改性沥青卷材和聚异氰脲酸酯保温板等。位于内华达州拉斯维加斯的凡士通TPO工厂,是2007年12月正式投产的新工厂,应凡士通公司邀请,我们参观了这座现代化的工厂。在硕大的厂房内,一条又高又长的全新TPO生产线和多条配套辅助生产线,显现出当代防水卷材生产技术的现代化和自动化气息。该工厂主要生产10英尺(3.05m)、8英尺(2.44m)和5英尺(1.53m)宽的各类TPO防水卷材,年生产能力达2000万m2。生产线配备3个原料树脂储罐,其中一个为备用,储存能力为680t。主生产线机头部分高20多m,有3层高位平台,共有两套喂料挤出系统,每个喂料挤出系统都由两台喂料机、两台混料称重机和两台挤出机组成,同时供给TPO卷材正面膜层和反面膜层的喂料。TPO的正、反两面膜层,分别由两个双挤出头的挤出机挤出到正、反膜层的出料口,并先后与聚酯经编布胎基复合成TPO卷材,再经冷却成卷一次成型。成型的大卷,再经倒卷,裁剪包装成不同规格的小卷作为成品。整条生产线的喂料、配比、混合、称重、挤出、温控、上下膜层测厚、张力、调偏和成卷等都是全自动控制,每班只有5个工人操作。
  这条TPO生产线是当今TPO生产技术和工艺的最新技术,代表着TPO卷材生产的规模化、自动化和现代化水平。代表团成员们参观后对凡士通TPO卷材的现代化生产水平惊叹不已。
  代表团还与凡士通的技术负责人就单层屋面系统技术的相关细节进行了广泛的交流。
  卡莱尔公司———三元乙丙卷材的王国
  卡莱尔公司是美国生产三元乙丙卷材最大的制造商之一,也生产TPO卷材、沥青防水垫层和聚异氰脲酸酯板。
  卡莱尔公司总部位于宾西法尼亚州首府哈利斯堡附近的卡莱尔镇,其技术中心和一个EPDM工厂也在此地。
  应卡莱尔公司邀请,我们参观了EPDM卷材生产工厂及其技术中心。卡莱尔有两个EPDM生产工厂,位于宾州的工厂生产能力为5000万m2/a,平均16万m2/d。工厂有两条生产线,一条是全自动化的挤出生产线,双挤出头,双层复合成型,可加内增强网格布,幅宽3m,效率极高;另一条生产线采用压延工艺,幅宽1.7m。
  两条不同工艺的生产线由一套密炼系统供料,密炼系统分一次密炼和二次密炼。一次密炼时将两种不同EPDM胶料、碳黑、塑料树脂和助剂等按比例倒入密炼机入口,密炼后的初炼胶料中加入硫化剂等助剂后,再经过另外一台密炼机二次密炼。二次密炼的胶料经停留,再进入连续自动开炼机上开炼后,或送到挤出机用挤出工艺生产,或送到四辊压延机用压延工艺生产。挤出工艺为双挤出机,挤出上下两层EPDM薄片,再一同进入复合辊中,复合成EPDM卷材。这种工艺有如下好处:1)双层薄片相互弥补瘕疵,复合后可以提高产品质量的可靠性;2)可以在两层EPDM薄片中加入胎体,生产有内增强材料的EPDM卷材,用于机械固定工法;3)可以生产双色三元乙丙,特别是生产节能效果明显的白色EPDM为面层的防水卷材。挤出成型的3m宽EPDM去掉衬布,涂敷隔离粉后,卷成大卷进入硫化釜硫化,硫化后的大卷送到复卷机上,洗净隔离粉并裁割成30m长的小卷包装制成成品。有的EPDM还需要在工厂预制搭接边自粘胶带,这时大卷被送到专用丁基自粘胶带粘合机上,在3m宽的EPDM两边的正反面各贴上一条8cm宽的丁基自粘搭接用胶带及隔离膜,再裁割成30m长的小卷包装入库。而经过压延工艺生产的1.7m宽的卷材,全部由接宽机接至16m宽、模数1.7m的超宽大卷卷材,经硫化后,按客户要求裁切,通常尺寸为16m×30m/卷或8m×30m/卷等。
  卡莱尔工厂规模宏大,设备极多,自动化程度高,生产速度快、效率极高。如3m宽的挤出机和连续开炼,由多台开炼机组成一个开炼机群,形成流水化不间断连续生产;再如硫化时去掉衬布,硫化能力可以提高一倍;运送3m宽和16m宽的大卷进出硫化罐,全部是用无人驾驶的自动运输车运输等。
  在卡莱尔技术中心,我们看到30cm宽的小试用挤出、压延生产线和开、密炼的设备,用于调整配方和新产品试验。各种性能检测的仪器、人工模拟老化、热老化仪等都在工作,用挤出注模工艺生产的试验片正编号等待试验。我们最感兴趣的是抗风揭试验室,4m×8m的试验台上已经安装好了即将试验的TPO卷材。美国抗风揭试验采用与欧洲负压法不同的正压法检测,这是我们首次目睹。正压法是每隔1min向抗风揭试验台上被测的屋面系统内部(包括保温层、隔汽层和防水层)增加定值正向压力,直至被测屋面系统被破坏为止;破坏前的数值,即该系统能承受的最大风揭压力。屋面系统破坏有多种标志,如卷材焊缝开裂、固定件脱落、保温板折断开裂、满粘屋面卷材和保温板剥离等。抗风揭试验是美国单层屋面系统最重要的试验。由于风速大小、历史极限值、楼层高低和屋面坡度大小等都对风揭有重要影响,因此卡莱尔开发了一套适应全球各地的风揭计算器,计算器设置在卡莱尔的网站上,点击网站输入数据就可很容易地获得适合当地建筑的抗风揭数据,进而获得不同材质、厚度的卷材和在屋面角、边及中间部位各需要多少固定件等重要参数,非常简便。这是世界上第一家可以免费提供这种服务的公司。另外卡莱尔还有专门对固定件紧固能力和抗拔出能力的试验方法。
  我们还应邀参观了卡莱尔仓储中心和屋面系统培训中心。卡莱尔的仓储中心是美国中部地区一个最大的物流中心,仓库中储存有约500万m2以上的各类TPO和EPDM卷材以及涂料、粘结剂、泛水胶带等。仓库内有20多个标准集装箱装卸车位,可以同时装运。

【作者】:朱冬青

来源:中国建材报 (2008-04-21 第4883号)

Safety Concerns about Fiberglass

 

Facts About Fiberglass (Source: www.lungusa.org)

What is Fiberglass
Is Fiberglass Insulation Safe?
What Steps Do I Take To Reduce Exposure?
Installation and Clean-Up

What is Fiberglass

Fiberglass is a man-made product that is composed of natural ingredients such as sand and recycled products such as window glass and bottles. The ingredients are melted and spun to create small strands of fiberglass that together form "glass wool".

Fiberglass insulation has been used since the 1930s and is now the most widely used home insulator. As an energy saver, fiberglass insulation saves the consumer money and helps keep buildings warm in winter and cool in the summer. Insulation saves energy and reduces the demand for new power plants, which reduces emissions of air pollutants to the environment and helps prevent global warming. To maximize energy efficiency, it is important to reduce air leaks that may occur around any areas in your home that are not sealed. These may include windows; doors; fireplaces; heating, ventilation and air conditioning ductwork; and perimeter joints. Leaks can be controlled with the use of housewrap, caulking and sealing of areas with leaks.

Fiberglass insulation also helps control noise in buildings, cars, and appliances. Fiberglass insulation is commonly used in furnaces and duct systems that deliver air to occupied buildings and homes and effectively minimizes transmission of noise.

Is Fiberglass Insulation Safe?

Yes, fiberglass building insulation is safe when it is properly installed.

Direct contact with fiberglass materials or exposure to airborne fiberglass dust may irritate the skin, eyes, nose and throat. Fiberglass can cause itching due to mechanical irritation from the fibers. This is not an allergic reaction to the material. Breathing fibers may irritate the airways resulting in coughing and a scratchy throat. Some people are sensitive to the fibers, while others are not. Fiberglass insulation packages display cancer warning labels. These labels are required by the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) based on determinations made by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the National Toxicology Program (NTP).

  • 1994- NTP listed fiberglass as "reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen" based on animal data.
  • 1998- The American Conference of Govern- mental Industrial Hygienists reviewed the available literature and concluded glass wool to be "carcinogenic in experimental animals at a relatively high dose, by route(s) of administra- tion, at site(s), of histologic type(s) or by mechanism(s) that are not considered relevant to worker exposures".
  • 1999- OSHA and the manufacturers volunta- rily agreed on ways to control workplace exposures to avoid irritation. As a result, OSHA has stated that it does not intend to regulate exposure to fiberglass insulation. The voluntary agreement, known as the Health & Safety Partnership Program includes a recom- mended exposure level of 1.0 fiber per cubic centimeter (f/cc) based on an 8-hour workday and provides comprehensive work practices.
  • 2000- The National Academy of Sciences (NAS) reported that epidemiological studies of glass fiber manufacturing workers indicate "glass fibers do not appear to increase the risk of respiratory system cancer". The NAS supported the exposure limit of 1.0 f/cc that has been the industry recommendation since the early 1990s.
  • 2001- The IARC working group revised their previous classification of glass wool being a possible carcinogen. It is currently considered not classifiable as a human carcinogen. Studies done in the past 15 years since the previous report was released, do not provide enough evidence to link this material to any cancer risk.

What Steps Can I Take to Reduce Exposure?

There are several ways you can minimize exposure to fiberglass material. Be sure to "work smart” when insta- lling fiberglass insulation in your home. Follow similar safety steps any time you remove fiberglass insulation or undertake a home improvement project that involves working with or around fiberglass insulation.

During installation follow the directions on the package as well as these safety steps:

Skin

  • Wear loose-fitting, long-sleeved clothing and long pants.
  • Do not tape sleeves or pants at wrists or ankles.
  • Wear gloves.
  • Do not scratch or rub your skin if fiberglass particles accumulate on your skin.
  • When you finish, wash skin or shower with mild soap and warm, running water.

Eyes

  • Wear safety glasses with side shields.
  • Wear a hat.
  • Do not rub your eyes while you are working with fiberglass. Be sure to complete clean up before rubbing your eyes or scratching your skin.

Nose, Mouth, and Throat

If you experience irritation of the nose, mouth, or throat you should consider wearing an "N 95" particulate respirator approved by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. If you are working in a dusty environ- ment, or are working with fiberglass insulation overhead, a disposable dust respirator may be a good idea. Be sure to read and follow the respirator manufacturer's instructions regarding selection and proper use of respirators. Most home improvement stores sell these types of disposable respirators.

Installation and Clean-Up

Follow these steps and be sure to read and follow manufacturer's instructions carefully.

  • Keep your workspace clean.
  • Do not handle fiberglass scrap more than necessary. Have a waste bin or plastic trash bag close by at all times.
  • Use correct cutting tools such as a sharp utility knife and a straight edge.
  • When cleaning your work area, be orga- nized in your approach so that you do not spread fibers back into an area you have cleaned previously.
  • Make sure all installed insulation is never left exposed in an occupied area. If the insulation does not have any protective covering or facing, it may cause irritation to anyone coming into direct contact with the glass fibers. If the insulation has a paper or foil covering it presents a potential fire hazard.
  • Change work clothes after you finish your fiberglass insulation project.
  • Wash work clothes separately and wipe out washer after cycle is complete.
  • As with any other building material the fiberglass insulation has to be clean and dry. If insulation is wet, it can become contaminated with mold.
  • If a remodeling project involves removal of fiberglass insulation, follow the installa- tion safety steps listed above.

 

Is Fiberglass A Health Hazard?

(Source: http://www.toolboxtopics.com/Gen%20Industry/Is%20Fiberglass%20a%20Health%20Hazard.htm)

Everyone has heard about the association between lung cancer and asbestos. Since some forms of asbestos are similar in appearance to fiberglass fibers, many people wonder if handling fiber-glass could also result in the development of cancer or other serious health hazards. Scientists have made over 400 studies of fiberglass in an attempt to answer this question. The conclusion is that it will not, because its properties are very different from asbestos. OSHA confirmed these findings in 1991 when it decided to regulate fiberglass as a nuisance dust, and not as a cancer causing agent. The state of California, neverthless, still requires that fiberglass be labeled as a potential cancer causing agent.
The principal difference between glass fibers and asbestos fibers is their size and the way the fibers break down. Glass fibers are cylindrical single fibers that can never split lengthwise; they only break across the fiber. As they break, they form tiny fragments that no longer have the properties of a fiber. Asbestos fibers, on the other hand, are always present as bundles, never as a single fiber. Asbestos fibers fracture only lengthwise when the bundles break apart, releasing thousands of long tiny fibers. When these are inhaled, they become trapped in the small sacs of the lungs known as alveoli. Because asbestos fibers are long, sharp, and irritating to lung tissue, the alveoli close up and trap them in the lungs. This eventually results in the lungs becoming hard, fibrous and inelastic. Over time, the continued irritations cause cancer in some individuals.
Because fiberglass breaks across the fiber to form tiny fragments, the tissue response is very different when these particles are inhaled. When fiberglass fragments are inhaled and deposited in the small air sacs of the lung, the alveoli do not close up and trap the particles. The particles are expelled from the alveoli and there is a rapid clearance of fiberglass dust particles from the lungs.
However, fiberglass presents other problems-such as irritations of the eyes, skin, or respiratory tract. The mechanical action of the fibers scraping against skin may cause a condition known as dermatitis. To protect yourself, wear long sleeve shirts and pants to keep the fibers off your skin, and wear clean clothes every day. Gloves and eye protection may also help. Use soap and warm water to remove any fibers that you do get on your skin. Dust is produced when mat or cloth is rolled out, where chopper guns are used, and in finishing operations where flashing is removed or sanding occurs. So always wear a dust mask in these areas to help avoid inhaling glass fibers.

The primary hazard associated with fiberglass is the chemicals used during the fabrication or lay up process. Styrene monomer, or raw resin, is catalyzed with an organic peroxide; the most common is methyl ethyl ketone peroxide. Cobalt compounds, often used as accelerators, can result in allergic dermatitis or asthma like conditions. Acetone is a central nervous system depressant used for clean up of tools, utensils, and spray equipment. The important thing to remember about these chemicals is that they are health hazards when inhaled; proper respiratory equipment must be worn and adequate ventilation provided. You should also be aware that these chemicals can form flammable or explosive concentrations at normal room temperatures, so proper handling and ventilation is essential.
Working with fiberglass material should not be dangerous if you are properly trained, and if you use appropriate protective equipment. Be sure to do so!

 

A Description of Fiberglass by State Compensation Insurance Fund

Occupational exposure to fiberglass occurs in the production, installation, maintenance and repair, and demolition of fiberglass materials.

Exposure to fiberglass can result from direct contact with fiberglass materials and fiberglass dust. Such contact causes irritation to the eyes, skin, upper respiratory tract, and the lungs, resulting in eye irritation, skin rash, nasal congestion, sore throat, and coughing. Irritation of the respiratory tract from fiberglass has been detected in work environments with airborne concentrations of less than 1 fiber per cubic centimeter (cc). In addition to fiberglass exposure, workers may be exposed to chemicals that are associated in the manufacturing of fiberglass products. These chemicals include:

  • Epoxy resins that are used to strengthen, harden or give flexibility to fiberglass. Inhaling epoxy resin vapors can result in shortness of breath, wheezing and tightness in the chest. Direct contact of epoxy resins with the skin can also cause rash.
  • Typically polyester resin containing styrene monomer is used in fiberglass applications. Styrene can be extremely irritating to the eyes and upper respiratory tract and can also cause headaches and dizziness.
  • Acetone and methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) are commonly used chemicals in fiberglass spray-up and lay-up operations. These chemicals can be irritating to the eyes, nose, and throat. Inhaling these chemical vapors may also cause drowsiness, difficulty in breathing, and damage to the lungs and central nervous system.

The California Occupational Safety and Health Administration’s Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) for Glass (Fibrous) is 1 fiber/cc. This Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL) is enforceable by the Division of Occupational Safety and Health under the California Department of Industrial Relations, Title 8 of the California Code of Regulations, Section 5155 Airborne Contaminants.

Prevention and protection measures should include the following:

  • Engineering controls, such as local exhaust ventilation, should be employed to remove contaminants out of the worker’s breathing zone, as well as the workplace environment.
  • Appropriate respiratory protection and other personal protective equipment, such as goggles, coveralls, and gloves are recommended when working with fiberglass, as well as any chemicals that are used in the manufacturing of fiberglass products.
  • Washing facilities and showers should be made available to the workers to use before they change into their street clothes.
  • HEPA vacuuming, wet sweeping, and wash down procedures are helpful in reducing the dust associated with fiberglass. Dry sweeping or any other type of clean-up methods that spreads the dust contamination should be avoided.

For further reading:

Breathing Uneasy, The Washington Post Sunday Magazine, June 22, 1997

Fiberglass: Use It With Caution!, Environ, #9 (1989), p. 17. by John Bower (Copyright 1989)

Soundproofing Ceilings

(materials from www.noisestopsystems.co.uk)

 

 

NSSC2 Ceiling Option 1+ Description


NSSC1 Sound Proofing Ceilings

18 mm Soundproofing wall board with two layer laminated panel of acoustic mineral board / high density, impregnated, sound reductive rubber membrane. Full tech spec & attenuation below (traditionally approx. 100 mm)

The resultant panel, when applied using the NoiseStop System Soundproofing method, is equivalent to an traditional acoustic infill of 100 mm thickness. The NoiseStop System method statement must be adhered to in its entirety to achieve the best sound proofing results

The panels should be skimmed and then brought to required decorative.

Ceiling Soundproofing Option 1

Installation

We recommend this method of sound insulation for airborne noise, but it can also be use for impact noise solution.

  1. Take off current plaster board to expose the joist. You will need access to your original joist to carry out the work.
  2. Place Dense Fibre Matting (DMF 100mm 100kg) into the void between joists. Cut to fit, making sure that there are no gaps.
  3. Build another layer of joist going horizontally to the original joist, with 2x2 timbers.
  4. Place Dense Fibre Matting (DMF 50mm 100kg) into the void between joists. Cut to fit, making sure that there are no gaps.
  5. Attach sound breaker bars horizontally across new joist, by screwing it into the joist. The Sound Breaker Bars has pre drill holes.
  6. Screw NSSC1+ to the Sound Breaker Bars.
  7. Skim plaster to finish. Decorate to your requirement after.
  8. You will loose a total of 100mm to 150 mm of ceiling height.

NSSC2 Ceiling Option 2+ Description

NSSC2 Option 2 Sound Proofing Ceilings

28 mm Soundproofing wall board with two layer laminated panel of acoustic mineral board / high density, impregnated, sound reductive rubber membrane. Full tech spec & attenuation below (traditionally approx. 100 mm)

The resultant panel, when applied using the NoiseStop System Soundproofing method, is equivalent to an traditional acoustic infill of 100 mm thickness. The NoiseStop System method statement must be adhered to in its entirety to achieve the best sound proofing results

The panels should be skimmed and then brought to required decorative.

Ceiling Soundproofing Option 2

 

 

DFM 100 (100kg/m3)
DFM products are manufactured to a higher density than other mineral wool slabs and provide improved Soundproofing acoustic control across a wide range of frequencies. Effective sound proofing insulation is an essential requirement for modern life styles. Excessive noise maybe from noisy neighbours can increase stress, hinder speech and can cause its own form of environmental pollution.

DFM has been proven over many years to be the ideal Soundproofing insulation material for all applications where noise attenuation or noise absorption is needed - in Soundproofing in the home / domestic, commercial, manufacturing, industrial and environmental situations. In addition to its acoustic properties, its well known thermal insulation and fire protection performance are inherent benefits. Thickness' of 25, 50, 75, 100 and 200mm are available. Prices vary accordingly. The most commonly used is the 50mm when applied inside 2"x2" stud work in wall partition constructions.

DFM 50 (140kg/m3)
DFM products are manufactured to a higher density than other mineral wool slabs and provide improved Soundproofing acoustic control across a wide range of frequencies. Effective sound proofing insulation is an essential requirement for modern life styles. Excessive noise maybe from noisy neighbours can increase stress, hinder speech and can cause its own form of environmental pollution.

DFM has been proven over many years to be the ideal Soundproofing insulation material for all applications where noise attenuation or noise absorption is needed - in Soundproofing in the home / domestic, commercial, manufacturing, industrial and environmental situations. In addition to its acoustic properties, its well known thermal insulation and fire protection performance are inherent benefits. Thickness' of 25, 50, 75, 100 and 200mm are available. Prices vary accordingly. The most commonly used is the 50mm when applied inside 2"x2" stud work in wall partition constructions.
DFM 50 Ceiling Sound Proofing

 

SoundBreaker Bars
Can help to reduce transmission of sound between floors and ceilings when using traditional plasterboard ceilings. Also helpful when needing to separate NoiseStop Soundproofing panels from wall structures. The bars are available in 3m lengths, 70mm wide by 15mm deep.

SoundBreaker Bars Ceiling Sound Proofing

 

NOISESTOP SYSTEMS - NSSC2 Acoustic Board

Rw Rw+Ctr
37dB 34dB

 

Specification

NSSC1

  • Thickness:      15mm  (+1mm)
  • Size:               1200mm x 1200mm [other sizes on request]
  • Weight:           18.5kg
  • Finish:             Paper finish ready for plaster skim

NSSC1+

  • Thickness:      17.5mm  (+1mm)
  • Size:               1200mm x 1200mm [other sizes on request]
  • Weight:           kg
  • Finish:             Paper finish ready for plaster skim

NSSC2

  • Thickness:      27.5mm  (+1mm)
  • Size:               1200mm x 1200mm [other sizes on request]
  • Weight:           kg
  • Finish:             Paper finish ready for plaster skim

Soundproofing Wall, Floor and Ceiling (Not Finished)

source: www.uksoundproofing.co.uk

Various sound solutions have been provided in this website in UK.

Wall Soundproofing

Floor Soundproofing

Ceiling Soundproofing

 

Wall Soundproofing

几种墙面隔音系统的比较:

image

Solution 1: Soundstop Panels - Our most popular product due to the ease of installation and quality of results

Soundstop panels are our most popular party wall soundproofing product due to the ease of fitting and quality of the final result achieved.

Materials used in solution 1a:

image
Calculator: Wall Solution 1a: SoundStop Panels 52mm

Materials used in solution 1b:

image 
Calculator: Wall Solution 1b: SoundStop Panels 52mm PLUS 15mm Acoustic Plasterboard

SoundStop noise insulation panels take advantage of advances in acoustic control technology to strike a highly effective balance between increasing the mass of the transmission wall and introducing a dampening air spring element of acoustic mineral wool. The SoundStop panels can be upgraded from providing 13db increased acoustic protection to 16 db increased acoustic protection through the addition of a 15mm layer of SoundBloc plaster board. Fitting Instructions

SoundStop is a uniquely bonded gypsum and acoustic mineral wool product, available in two sizes of thickness, which provide different degrees of soundproofing performance. It has been tested to exacting standards (BS EN ISO 140) and conforms to all UK Health and Safety regulations. The best results for soundstop panels are achieved with solid brick party walls. Breeze block walls may suffer from flanking transmission problems so any soundproofing treatments require an assessment of this possible difficulty (see glossary).

Due to the acoustic nature of stud walls and timber framed walls we would recommend a different set of treatments when upgrading these walls as described in solution 5 stud wall soundproofing.

Diagram of soundstop panels soundproofing cross section

Example results based on typical party wall construction of 100mm brick wall (45-47db)

image

So for example after fitting 52mm panels your wall could have a 60 db rating, which is an excellent level of acoustic privacy.

Remember these are average figures across a range of frequencies. In practice all sound proofing works better at higher frequencies.

Our solution is designed to be fitted to just your side of the wall. If you can install to the other side (the neighbours side) of the wall you will experience an even greater acoustic privacy.

Solution 2: Resilient Bars

Materials List (in case of 15sqm application area)

image

As with all sound insulation projects it is very important to try and introduce a resilience (a springy) layer. In this solution resilient bars are the method of decoupling the wall that you are constructing from the transmission wall i.e. the problem wall. Resilient bars are used in conjunction with acoustic mineral wool slabs and battens. The resilient bars should be attached at 400-600mm centres starting 50mm from the floor. Fitting Instructions

Resilient bars can serve to upgrade an existing stud wall or may be used on brick party walls. In terms of the ideal combination we would suggest the following construction. It should be born in mind that different combinations of materials can be used according to space and budget constraints.

Image showing cross section of a resilient bar wall

The results achieved by this construction type are excellent. As with soundstop panels acoustic insulation incorporated into floor or ceiling voids maybe necessary. The simplest method of adding acoustic insulation here is to add AMW 60 kg slabs of 100mm completely filling the void beneath floor or ceiling just adjacent to the wall.

 

Solution 3: Resilient bars with Acoustic membrane

image

The wall soundproofing described in Solution 2 construction may be further upgraded by incorporating the 1.2mm acoustic membrane, or acoustic quilt between the batten and the resilient bars. The Acoustic membrane is a new, award winning, noise insulation rubber membrane. This membrane incorporates nano vacuum technology, and hence is very light but very effective in attenuating the passage of noise. It can add a further 6+db when added to the construction described in solution 2, which given that sound reduction is measured on an exponential scale is a tangible difference (see glossary for further details). Fitting Instructions

Image showing cross section of a resilient bar wall with E-cousti membrane

The membrane is ideally added by letting it drape loose affixed to the battens or wall with the resilient bars or battens. This is simply achieved by stapling the acoustic membrane ( or acoustic quilt ) to the top of the stud wall and letting the membrane drape downwards to the floor. The resilient bars are screwed through the acoustic membrane or acoustic quilt in the normal way.

 

Solution 4: An independent stud wall

If you wish to buy this solution online we can calculate the materials you need. Just click the links below to be taken to the solution calculator:

50mm Stud Wall
50mm Stud Wall with optional acoustic membrane
75mm Stud Wall
75mm Stud Wall with optional acoustic membrane
100mm Stud Wall
100mm Stud Wall with optional acoustic membrane

Where the level of noise from the neighbouring wall is extreme, the erection of an independent stud incorporating acoustic materials will provide the greatest level of wall soundproofing. The stud constructed of metal ( componenets sold on this site or of 75mm * 50mm timber (3 inch by 2 inch), should be erected off the existing wall with a minimum of a 25mm gap. The stud work should not touch the offending wall at any point, and should be affixed to adjacent walls floor and ceiling. The stud work should be in-filled with the appropriate thickness of acoustic mineral wool, i.e. 75mm in this case. The construction on the stud wall follows the same pattern as the the other wall solutions ideally incorporating resilient bars (like Solution 2 and Solution 3) and certainly a double plasterboard layer. With this construction the filling of floor and ceiling voids with acoustic mineral wool (AMW60 100mm) immediately adjacent to the offending wall needs to be considered as this will typically be the weakest acoustic link post construction. In order to keep the wool in place it might be necessary to staple chicken wire or similar meshing to the rear of the stud work.

This construction can further be upgraded with the optional use of an acoustic membrane.

Image showing cross section of an independent stud wall with resilient bar and E-cousti membrane

Solution 5 - Soundproofing an exisitng Stud Wall

If you wish to buy this solution online we can calculate the materials you need. Just click the links below to be taken to the solution calculator:

50mm Stud Wall
50mm Stud Wall with optional acoustic membrane
75mm Stud Wall
75mm Stud Wall with optional acoustic membrane
100mm Stud Wall
100mm Stud Wall with optional acoustic membrane

Typically stud walls are built with physical separation of a room in mind. There is little consideration given to the acoustic performance of that wall. In many cases the wall will simply be constructed of 12.5mm plasterboard either side of a 50mm stud frame. To upgrade the wall you will need to remove the original plasterboard from one of the faces of the stud wall.

We offer two solutions that can significantly upgrade a stud wall, the second involving the use of an acoustic membrane. These solutions rely on increasing the mass, the absorbency and the resilience of the separating structure.

Or in plainer English you will increase the absorbency of the wall by adding high density acoustic mineral wool within the existing stud work. The resilience of the wall will be improved by adding resilient bars, these act to separate the new mass that you will be adding in the form of a double layer of acoustic plasterboards.

A further acoustic uplift can be achieved by adding an acoustic membrane to the stud wall between the resilient bars and stud wall. This should add a further 6+db of protection. The acoustic membrane should be hung from the stud work and resilient bars screwed through it as in solution 2.

Diagram of a cross section of a stud wall soundproofing solution with resilient bars and acoustic plasterboard and additional acoustic membrane

[End of Wall Soundproofing Section.]

 

image

Isosonic Timberfloor

The ISOSONIC TIMBERFLOOR provides safeguards against failure with ‘precompletion testing’.

  • Site tested performance far in excess of test requirements
  • Simple installation reducing workmanship errors
  • Integral flanking sound insulation, eliminating difficult edge strips
  • Detailed installation for floor, ceiling, downlighters and partitions- aiding the builder and specifier

SITE TEST PERFORMANCE COMPARABLE TO R.D. STANDARDS

  • A high performance, low cost and simple to install system.
  • Provides a unique integral barrier to flanking sound transmission which is the predominant cause of test failures.
  • ISORUBBER BASE is suitable for the direct application of timber and laminate floors without a board platform.

Below shows a detailed set up of isosonic rubber mat and hangers in place. We would recommend keeping the existing ceiling in place if you can.

Other possible hanger options

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Isosonic Ceiling Hangers

a) The number of ceiling hangers required per square metre of floor will depend on the geometry of the room. Regular rectangular rooms require approximately 2.5 hangers per square metre of floor area.

b) Spacing of the ceiling hangers should not exceed 800mm.

PACKAGING

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Sound Insulation Performance Data

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Monarfloor Deck Overlay Systems

Fig. Monarfloor Deck overlay system on a timber sub-floor with a resilient bar ceiling

Fig. Installation of Monarfloor Deck system onto a timber subfloor

The simplest way of improving the airborne and impact sound performance of an existing timber floor is to overlay the floor with an isolating layer and a new wearing surface. Monarfloor offers three deck overlay systems for such applications:

  • Monarfloor Deck 9 - designed for projects where the increase in floor level has to be kept to a minimum. Deck 9 consists of 8mm of LRAC foam bonded to 9mm thick moisture resistant M DF, giving an increase in floor level of only 17mm.
  • Monarfloor Deck 18 - designed for domestic timber floors where the existing timber deck remains. Deck 18 consists of a layer of LRAC foam bonded to18mm V313 P5 moisture resistant chipboard.
  • Monarfloor Deck 22 - designed for projects where a heavy domestic application is anticipated. Deck 22 consists of a layer of LRAC foam bonded to 22mm V313 P5 moisture resistant chipboard.

Monarfloor Deck overlay systems may be used in new build or refurbishment projects, over 18mm chipboard, OSB board or a decking ply sub floor. Monarfloor Deck overlay systems should be installed directly onto the sub-floor, in broken bond with all joints glued.

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About Me

Pudong, Shanghai, Shanghai, China
Project manager